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X = 0, a + p = 1
Convection
Second law of thermodynamics
Decrease
All of the above
Radiation
Lower
tm = (Δt1 - Δt2)/ loge (Δt1/Δt2)
Decreases
Above which a gas will never liquefied
T
0.02
0.51
Thickness
Porous body
Fourth power of the absolute temperature
Gases
More than those for liquids